Modelling And Analysis Of Climate Change - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3766 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Tags: Climate Change Essay Did you like this example? 1. Executive Summary The burning topic throughout the world is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Climate Changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The close linkage between economic growth of the country and Greenhouse gas emission is indeed a serious debate. Development in industrial sectors will naturally increase GDP accompanied by emissions. However increase in GDP will pay way for higher standard of lifestyle and more income which results in increased consumption of energy and hence more emissions. The alarming global warming and the pressures of international treaties to reduce the emissions have triggered to analyse the relationship between economic growth (GDP) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The relationship between GDP and Co2 emission for different countries are studied using regression-correlation model for a particular timeframe and in order to gain further insight on the emission curve, time series analysis is studied for few developed and developing countries. The data for analysis are taken from UN database and World data bank database. The relationship between GDP and Co2 emission could be drawn after analysing the linear regression equation and correlation factors of different countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modelling And Analysis Of Climate Change" essay for you Create order 2. Introduction Climate Change is a serious and long pending issue which seeks continuous solutions. The earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s climate change is mainly due to greenhouse gases triggered by human activities. Carbon di Oxide (CO2), the principal greenhouse gas is emitted by various means. Industrialization and technology have negatively impacted the environment by emitting the GHGs and discharging other pollutants. Fuel combustion accounts for the high amount of CO2 emission and there exists a strong correlation between total fuel emissions and CO2 emissions. Transportation and energy industries emit more percentage of CO2 emissions. Positive correlation exists between CO2 emission and total energy consumption. Hence the inferred fact is countries that emit more CO2 are those that consume more energy. As seen from the below graph, emission varies Figure 1: Change in GDP and CO2 emissions for 25 countries. Source: Change  in GDP and CO2 Emissions, Top 25 Emitting Countries, 1992 to 2006 Available online: https://cait.wri.org 3. Literature Review Various Climate models states that doubling of Green house gases (GHGs) will increase the temperature by 2-5 degree celcius in global mean temperatures. As per forecast, this level may reach by the year 2030 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2060. There may arise a situation wherein the effect of climate change may cause further amplification by releasing other GHGs. The recent level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is equivalent to 430 parts per million (ppm) CO2 compared with only 280ppm before the Industrial Revolution. By 2035, the level of CO2 emission could be reached 550ppm (CO2e) which implies a global increase in temperature of 2 degree Celsius. The below figure depicts the increase in GHGs emiited due to various activities. Increase in CO2, Kyoto gases (include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, PFCs, HFCs and SF6) and Clorofluro Carbons(CFCs) are depicted. Figure 2: Emisiion of Greenhouse gases over time period 1850 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990. Source: Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Figure 3: Green House gases emissions by Source. Source: Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm Figure 4: World CO2 Emissions by Region Forecast Source: World CO2 Emissions by Region, Available at : https://photos.mongabay.com/09/forecast_co2.jpg Global emissions are expected to rise due to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"business as usualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ activities. The Kaya identity identifies total CO2 emissions as factors of population, GDP, energy intensity and carbon intensity. CO2 emissions from energy à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ Population x (GDP per head) x (energy use/GDP) x (CO2 emissions/energy use) Thus any à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increases in world GDP will tend to increase global emissions, unless income growth stimulates an offsetting reduction in the carbon intensity of energy use or the energy intensity of GDPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Stern Report on economies of Climate change). The differing amount of emission is due to varied attributes depending on the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development. The correlation between CO2 emission per head and GDP per head over the period 1960-1999 for 163 countries was 0.9. A recent research in US claims that 1% increase in GDP per head will cause 0.9% increase in emissions per head. Figure 5: Projected Co2 emissions. Source: Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm Co2 emissions are high for developed countries than developing countries. Because of technological growth and economic development due to energy intensive industrial sectors in developing countries, the CO2 emission is increasing for developing countries. However in developed rich nations, due to shift towards service based economy and outsourcing activities, the CO2 emissions have decreased after reaching peak. Environmental Kuznets Curve EKC states that as income increases, the emission also increases upto a threshold limit of income after which the emissions will decrease. This takes a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inverted U shapedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? relationship between the variables. From economic theory perspective, two reasoning have arose to explain the linkage between variables (GDP vs emission): First, the Kuznets behaviour is an income effect and initially investment in environmental quality was not encouraged. But when the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“turning pointà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is reached, demand for investments towards environmental quality arises. Thus after turning point, indicators points that there is a decrease in emission. Second reasoning states that EKC is a replica of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stages of economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, wherein they make a transition from agricultural to industrial and then from post-industrial to service based economy (Moomaw and Unruh 1997). Since the economy finally moves towards a service based economy, there is downward shift in emission level. In another words, it can be said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“economies pass through technological life cycles, moving from smokestack technology to high technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Moomaw and Unruh 1997) Figure 6: Environmental Kuznets Curve Source: Moomaw,W.R., Unruh,G.C., Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us?, Available online: https://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/archives/moomawpaper.pdf However EKC curve was not accepted by many theorists. Dinda2004 and Stern Review states that since the emissions are mentioned as a function of income. An increase in production/engineering activities causes emission and thereby income. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The corollary is that environment pollution is best addressed through economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (World bank, 1992). Many argued that Granger causality exists between economic growth and pollution (Coondoo Dinda, 2002; Dinda Coondoo, 2006; Akbostanci et al., 2009; Lee Lee, 2009). Granger Causality does not mean that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“X causes Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? instead it implies that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“X possesses useful data for predicting Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This piece of work raises some question because it considers the relationship between economic growth and pollution in a bivariate environment (Stern, 1993, 2000). The relationship between economic growth and emission trends differs for developed countries, developing countries and Oil rich countries. Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto protocol was established on 11 Dec 1997, is the protocol of   United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC  ) designed with the objective of lessening global warming by reducing the GHGs emission into the atmosphere. About 187 states signed by Nov 2009. G77 (union of 77 countries) recognized that developed countries contributed high proportion of GHGs in the atmosphere and developing countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emissions are less and they will emit more percentage of emissions to satisfy their economic needs. The agreement of the Kyoto protocol and further negotiations has triggered the issue on the linkage between CO2 emission and economic growth. Critics claim that economic growth increases emission and any efforts to reduce emissions will have a negative impact on economic growth (The Russian Journal, 2003). Participation  in the Kyoto Protocol, as of June 2009, where dark green indicates the countries that have signed and ratified the treaty, grey is not yet decided and red is no intention to ratify. Figure 7: Kyoto Protocol Signatories Source: Wikipedia.org Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol As per Stern review (2004), it was stated that many attributes collage to generate EKC as development in manufacturing/production, change in mix of output/input and technological advancements. Each attribute is decided by various fundamental variables. In theory many factors interact based on assumptions to generate EKC. It is presumed that the economy shifts towards less developed countries as growth occurs. Due to initial production/manufacturing activities, the pollution per capita increases but gradually it is due to alteration in output mix. Another reasoning assumes that quality of the environment is a costly piece and environmental protection act increases with per capita income. (Grubb et al., nd). Few research states that emissions increases with income growth and few others notice a twist/turning points. Shafik (1994) states that the emissions increases with income and there exists no deviation. However Holtz-Eakin and Selden (1995) claims that the twist arises at a point of $35,418 while Neumayer (2004) mentions the range as $55,000 and $90,000 as deviation point based on assumptions. The impact of oil price shocks on CO2 emissions of various countries is studied by many analysts. Lanne and Liski (2004) did a study for 16 countries for the years 1870 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2028 and confirmed that in many cases, the oil price shock resulted in decreased Co2 emission when compared with the past years. The structural developed model indicates the any upsurge in oil prices is associated with the positive to negative emission elasticity (Moomaw and Unruh 1997). Friedl and Getzner (2003) conducted a study for one country Austria and confirmed that amidst oil price blow, CO2 emissions increased with GDP after 1975, but at a slower pace. It is thus worth mentioning that it is the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s circumstances that decides how it should react to external blows and to change in economic growth. Based on the varying perspectives of literature, it is necessary to do correlation and regression analysis to state if there is high correlation between GDP and Co2 emission. 4. Data Considerations The data for analysis is derived from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“World data bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? data catalog and UN database. The GDP (billion $) and CO2 emission (billion kg) for the year 2006 for 53 countries are derived from UN database. The sample countries are filtered based on the GDP. Only the countries with GDP of $30000 are taken into consideration. The final sample size is 53. The data GDP per capita (PPP) and Co2 emission (metric tons per capita) used in Figures 8 to draw trends for a period of 25 years for 5 years are taken from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"World data bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ database. 5. Analysis and Interpretation The variable being predicted or described, denoted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is called dependent variable. The variable that is used to predict the value of dependent variable is called independent variable. The economic growth of different countries (GDP per capita) is the independent variable along X axis, that is used to estimate the value of CarbondiOxide emission, the dependent variable which is along the Y axis. Simple Linear Regression Model is the equation which relates how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is related to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and to an error variable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ÃŽÂ µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is given by y = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1x + ÃŽÂ µ Simple Linear Regression Equation is the equation that links the independent and dependent variable and is given by E(y) = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1x . The estimated simple linear regression equation developed from sample data is given by Ã…Â ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = b0 + b1x where b0 is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"y interceptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and b1 is the slope and Ã…Â ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  is the predicted value of y for a given value of x. 5.1. Scatter Diagram Scatter diagram is used to determine the strength of relationship between GDP and Co2 emission. If the correlation coefficient is zero, it implies that there exists no correlation. However if the value is close to +1, it implies they are perfectly correlated and if the value is -1, it implies they are negatively correlated. The value of correlation coefficient can be found using the CORREL function in MS Excel. Figure 8 : GDP Vs CO2 emission (for 53 countries) Best Fit Regression model. The Chart depicts the regression equation and the coefficient of determination. Y = 0.453x + 96.165 The slope of the line is 0.453 which shows that slope is positive and there exists a positive linear relationship ie as GDP increases CO2 emission also increases. The Y intercept value is 96.165 as seen from chart. The slope and intercept are determined so as to reduce the error in predicting. Best fit line equation Co2 emission = (0.453 * GDP per capita) + 96.165 R2 = 0.5853 which shows there exists a moderate positive correlation between GDP and CO2 emission. The correlation strength between GDP and CO2 for various countries differs greatly. For developed countries there exists a weak correlation, but for developing countries there exists a strong correlation and hence the final result is a moderate positive factor. Thus the graph depicts that there exists correlation between GDP and Co2 emission. The points that are little farther from the best fit line corresponds to countries like US, UK, Japan, China and India. The GDP and Co2 emission trends for these countries would be discussed in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"time seriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysis section. To measure the goodness fit for the linear equation, the value of Co2 emission is determined with and without Linear model. (Calculation for best fit without using linear model is listed in Appendix). The performance can be better understood by error reduction in linear model. If the value is near to 0, it implies error is not reduced. In our case, the coefficient of determination is 0.5853 which means that the error variance is lessened by 58.53% using linear model. 5.2. Regression analysis It depicts how or to what degree the variables are linked with each other and regression analysis cannot be utilized for defining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cause and Effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ relationship. R2 is the coefficient of determination that is used to evaluate the goodness of fit for the estimated regression equation. Correlation coefficient represents the measure of the strength of linear assosciation between two variable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The scatter plot of GDP Vs Co2 emission can be best fitted by a straight line. Figure 9: Regression Data analysis Excel Output 5.2.1. t Test : 5.2.2. ANOVA output: 5.2.3. F test: F test based on the F probability distribution, is used to test for significance The value in cell F12 is the p-value associated with the F test for significance. Given the value of significance ÃŽÂ ± (=0.01), it can be decided if H0 can be rejected or not. H0 can be rejected if p-value is less than alpha (ÃŽÂ ± =0.01). As per table, the p-value is 2.57E-11 ÃŽÂ ± (0.01). Hence we can reject the hypothesis H0 and thereby conclude that there exists a significant relationship between GDP and CO2 emission. The t-test for significance is equivalent to the F-test for significance in simple linear regression and hence the p-values offered by both means are identical. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Significance Fà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is used to identify the p-value for the F-test for significance. Standard error occurs twice in the output. In regression statistics, it refers to s , the estimate of ÃŽÂ ±. In estimated regression equation section of the output, it refers to Sb1, the estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of b1. As seen from the Regression statistics output, the coeeficient of determination is 0.585 and the correlation coefficient is 0.577; the standard error that is used to identify the value of s, the estimate of ÃŽÂ ± is 742.02. 5.3. Analysis of Emission and GDP relations: The relationship between GDP and CO2 emission for different countries will be discussed in this section. The graph shows the GDP- CO2 trends for different countries for the year 2006. The scatter diagram depicts that there exists a positive correlation between GDP and Co2 emission. Only countries with GDP more than 30000 ($) are considered. The list of countries taken as samples are listed in Appendix. Figure 10: GDP trends for 25 years for 5 countries Figure 10: CO2 emission trends for 25 years for 5 countries 5.3.1. Time Series analysis for developing nations: The GDP CO2 emission trends for few developing countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" India, China, Japan are taken into consideration to study the CO2 emission patterns over the years. Panayotou (2000) states that it is inapt to use static data on CO2 emission and GDP of various countries to determine the linkage between two variables for a country over a timeframe. Hence time series analysis is utilized to analyse the relationship between GDP and CO2 emission for different countries over a period of 25 years. Figure 11: Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Figure 12: Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Figure 13: Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year There has been a tremendous significant growth in developing countries in the last 20-30 years. The evolution process of Co2 emission from a timeframe of transition to maturity can be better understood by analyzing the developing countries which have gained noteworthy economic progress. GDP per capita for China was growing much faster than Co2 emission. Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Co2 emission is similar to Ukà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emission and Japan has experienced a high economic progress in the last 20 years. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2002 GDP was 99% that of 1982 GDP and its Co2 emission was 114% that of 1982 emission. This depicts how carbon emissions are highly related with the growth of the nations economy. This is further supported from scatter diagrams of developing countries which represents the coefficient of determination and regression equation. India , China and Japan exhibits a correlation of 0.93, 0.92 and 0.92 respectively. (Figure 11, 12, 13) 5.3.2. Time Series analysis for Developed Countries: The figure 10 and 11 shows the GDP and Co2 emission for 5 countries for a period of 25 years. The graph clearly illustrates the the explicit growth of GDP and CO2 emissions of US and UK over the years. UK and US economy were the primitive economies to industrialize and established a stable position in the world market. The increase in GDP for both the countries depicts the steady economic growth over the years. However there exists slight dip in the CO2 emission cureve for both the countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" US and UK which is due to the upsurge of oil price. Inspite of stable growth, the emission per capita for US did not vary much within the 25 years. However for UK, the emission per capita is decreasing over the years. Hence the statement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" GDP growth will increase the Co2 emissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is subjected to question. Figure 14: United Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Figure 15: United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Hamilton and Turton ( 2000 ) points out that US and UK have taken enormous steps to reduce emission by implementing energy-efficient programs. UK has reduced its fossil fuel consumption and hence there is a downward shift for emission. However in US, the electricity consumption is too high and hence there is no deep fall in Co2 emission. The EU also moved towards energy efficient production system and they adopted to low carbon fuels. Thus the figure 14 and 15 shows that there exists a weak correlation between Co2 emission and economic growth due to above reasons. This clearly proves why we got a R2 = 0.58 in spite of high correlation for developing countries and weak correlation for developed countries. 5.4. Analysis of rates of economic growth and Co2 emission: Increasing awareness on global warming have paved way for international treaties like Kyoto protocol which sets boundaries for carbon emissions as a basic step to reduce the emissions. The below figure shows the plot for OECD countries for 20 years. OECD countries are listed in Appendix. As seen from the figure, GDP and emissions have increased and decreased over the years and it is thus difficult to conclude if economic progress is linked with either growth or fall in emissions for a time period. Figure 16: Yearly growth emissions and income for OECD countries Source: Grubb,M., Butler,L., Feldman,O., Analysis of the Relationship between Growth in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Growth in Income, Available online: https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA12.pdf The below figure shows the percentage change in emission and GDP for EIT (Economy In Transition) countries. Economic growth was visible in many countries after the transition period. Fischer and Sahay (2000) claims that the countries that have adhered strictly to reform measures have experienced faster economic growth. The chart clearly shows that emissions have increased with GDP which supports the statement that GDP growth is linked with Co2 emission but other attributes do play a vital role in maintaining this positive relationship. Figure 17: GDP and emission changes for EIT countries. Source: Grubb,M., Butler,L., Feldman,O., Analysis of the Relationship between Growth in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Growth in Income, Available online: https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA12.pdf 6. Conclusion: The core of sustainable development is to reconcile economic growth and quality of the environment. Based on the analysis, it is difficult to firmly state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Co2 emission increases with GDP alwaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The datasets of OECD and EIT countries resulted in different conclusions. Analyzing the real dynamic trajectory by phase diagrams demonstrates that the pollution trajectory pattern depends on internal policy decisions and other exogenous factors. Over the years, economic growth of OECD countries is linked with the increasing, decreasing and steady trends of emissions. However for EIT countries, majority of the countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ emissions increased with the economic growth but the amplitude of the growth varies greatly due to other attributes. Though there exists a linear relationship between GDP and Co2 emission, it cannot be said that the relationship will be stable forever due to various macroeconomic factors and international pressures. The GDP-CO 2 emission relationship for developing/EIT countries is highly correlated and when the country gains the status of mature status, it is the countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ external factors and its reform measures that decides the relationship between GDP and Co2 emission. 7. References: Fischer, S., and Sahay, R., 2000. The Transition Economies after Ten Years, NBER Working Paper 7664. Friedl, B. and Getzner, M., 2003. Determinants of CO2 emissions in a small open economy, Ecological Economics, 45(1), 133-148. Grubb,M., Butler,L., Feldman,O., Analysis of the Relationship between Growth in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Growth in Income, Available online: https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA12.pdf, accessed on 20 june 2010. Hamilton, C. Turton, H., 2002. Determinants of emissions growth in OECD countries, Energy Policy, 30, 63-71. Holtz-Eakin, D., Selten, T.M., 1995. Stoking the fires? CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth, Journal of Public Economics, 57, 85-101. Lanne, M., and Liski, M., 2004. Trends and Breaks in per-capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1870-2028, The Energy Journal, 25 (4), 41-65. Moomaw,W.R., Unruh,G.C., Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us?, Available online: https://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/archives/moomawpaper.pdf, accessed on 18 June 2010. Neumayer, E., 2004. National Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Geography Matters, Area, 36(1), 33-40. Panayotou, T., 2000. Economic growth and the environment. CID Working Paper 56, Harvard. Shafik, N., 1994. Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 46, 757-773. Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm , accessed on 18 June 2010 The Russia Journal, Kyoto Treaty Discrimnates Against Russia, 6th October 2003. https://data.un.org/, accessed on 21 June 2010 https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog, accessed on 23 June 2010 World Bank, 1992. The World Bank Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment, Washington DC: The World Bank.

Psychopathic Serial Killers Essay - 1668 Words

â€Å"Gunning for you and all mankind, I’ve lost my mind. Psychotic, rabid dementia, I won’t be fine.† – Avenged Sevenfold While the members of Avenged Sevenfold, a Heavy Metal band, are not psychotic killers, their lyrics refer to the destruction of other humans. Many people have a morbid curiosity about a psychopathic murderer’s mind. The criminal justice system has a number of trained specialists to study the minds of psychotic killers. Psychopathic killers usually grow up in similar, unstable homes. However, they usually have completely different crime scenes. Most of these killers have different motives for murdering their victims. Psychopaths are stereotyped. They are shown as vicious, violent people, but in reality they†¦show more content†¦Antisocial disorder is a helpful diagnosis when then question is whether a person is likely to have a bad behavior; it does not discriminate against criminals. Only one out of every five antisocia l people are psychopaths. Psychopaths brains process differently. Researchers say that there is a disability that impairs the emotional development. Signs of psychopathy may be seen as young as the age of five years old (LaBrode 151-160). Behaviors of psychopaths consist of lying, prone to boredom, sexual promiscuity, no long term goals, irresponsibility, early childhood behaviors, juvenile delinquency, shallow, and manipulation. They are indifferent about pain and do not fear it (Jadczyk). They usually get worse, not better after standard treatments like group therapy. Seeing others’ vulnerabilities gives them opportunities to hone their manipulation skills (LaBrode 151-160). Theodore Robert Ted Bundy is a good example of a psychopath who appears to be normal. He was born November 24, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont. He grew up in Tacoma, Washington with his mother and his step-father. Ted hated his step-father and because his mother picked his step-father over Ted, he grew to hate her as well. 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There are many things that define a serial killer’s psyche antisocialism being one of the many. Moreover, Vaughn claimed to have certain compulsions that made him complete tasks that he ordinarily would not do which demonstrated him to have obsessive compulsive disorder. Another characteristic Vaughn displayed that he and his fellow serial killers shared were their psychopathic personalitiesRead MoreThe Murder Of Serial Killers1703 Words   |  7 PagesA grieving mother drapes herself over the casket of her deceased son. The 14 year old had fallen victim to one of the most infamous serial killers in history, Jeffrey Dahmer. Dahmer killed a total of 17 known victims, all between the ages of 14 and 33. In his most recent murders, he often resorted to necrophilia, cannibalism, and permanent preservation of body parts (â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer Biography†). 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Bc607- Assignment 1.1 Dialogue 1 free essay sample

Ra’Quell Yarbrough BC607- Assignment 1. 1: Dialogue 1 August 10, 2011 The Impact of Globalization on Small and Large Corporations: Kraft Foods v/s Hansen’s Natural I conducted a brief analysis on Kraft Foods and Hansen’s Natural, to compare and evaluate the ways in which the concept of globalization has made an impact in their individual tactics globally. Kraft Foods and Hansen’s Natural are two similar corporations with dissimilar ways of operations. They operate differently in structure, accessibility, size, strategy, and international marketing. They both share the similarity of working in the food industry. Hansen’s goods are not as broad as Kraft Food’s. Their products are restricted to the beverage sector, while Kraft Food’s products are featured in both beverages and food sectors. Therefore, Hansen’s has not been as dominant as Kraft Foods internationally. Kraft Foods is a renowned American confectionery, food and beverage, independent public company. We will write a custom essay sample on Bc607- Assignment 1.1: Dialogue 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It markets many brands in more than 155 countries where 40 of the brands are at least a century old and 12 of the brands, annually, profit over a billion dollars worldwide. Kraft Foods employs 140,000 diverse employees; conversely their website depicts the notion of their inspiration to be the consumer. Their website states â€Å"Consumers Inspire Us. † The company upholds a solid market position in the United States while simultaneously making lucrative strides in Europe. Due to the fact that Kraft Foods has 49% of its market share in North America and the remaining 51% in Europe and other areas, they are able to use such diversity to their advantage. Kraft advertises as an international company and has websites in various languages to compensate an extensive selection of market, while keeping everything is simple. They employ the internet to persistently use online surveys and other PR approaches for public feedback analysis to further identify consumer concerns in regards to foods and beverages. Kraft Foods is a leader in viable expansion as they endorse sustainable farm work on ecological policy, environmental change and animal well-being. In recent news, I read that Kraft is talking with Apple regarding an application on the I-Phone, which provides digital assistance from Kraft so that, while grocery shopping, customers can access recipes that list necessary ingredients from Kraft as well as other great food ideas. The I-Phone is enormous globally, so this alone has put Kraft even further ahead of their competition. Kraft even has implemented its on system of checks and balances for quality control which can differ from one country to another for everything such as tastes, textures, elements, and nutrients but overall quality is standardized. Hansen’s Natural Inc. was established in Southern California in 1985. The mission of Hansen Beverage Company is to satisfy consumers needs for superior quality and great tasting, healthy, natural and functional beverages. Hansen’s is known for their various alliances with Coca Cola and Anheiser Bush has landed their company’s global distribution into Canada, Mexico, and Western Europe. Hansen’s relies on its partnership with the distributors to deal with globalization for their company. Till present day, Hansen’s Natural is a local company. They don’t actively participate in global enhancing projects and they are slightly involved in global marketing and world trade; however the company strives towards constant development and growth. Hansen’s Natural has modified their natural products to many other types of drinks, including the energy drink, â€Å"Monster. † Awkwardly, the energy drinks are questionable as a â€Å"natural† product. Hansen’s edge through focusing within the specific market of beverages gives them a more concentrated and direct method to servicing the world. This enables their buyers to find them through increased activity in the extreme sports world. Hansen’s Natural’s launch of the energy drink, Monster has helped boost their company sales globally. In conclusion, it is clear that when comparing globalization within small and large corporations the one major difference between the two corporate philosophies is specialization vs. broad range appeal. Kraft Foods ; Hansens both appear to encourage and place emphasis on their relationship with their consumers. It is significant that both companies are successful globally because of their status as a small or large company. Both companies are successful in how they progress with technology advancing while never overlooking the consumer. Hence each company is raising the opinion that their corporate culture is driven by the customer need wherever they conduct their business. In reference to the globalization theory, Hansen’s Natural has prospered in marketing its products in the global market because they don’t have a great deal of socio-economic or political resources. In reference to the globalization theory Kraft uses viable development to assist in shaping its complete affiliation to the global market.

Managing Solid Wastes in the Philippines Essay Example

Managing Solid Wastes in the Philippines Paper Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. All waste materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of waste management Managing Solid Wastes in the Philippines Solid waste, over the past thirty years, has remained the most visible, and silently dangerous, environmental problem in the country. In September 1999, not one Filipino was left without a trauma out of the tragedy that befell Payatas in Quezon City. Hundreds died, buried alive underneath filth, as mountains of garbage collapsed due to heavy downpour. This is among the worst human-made disasters that have ever hit the Philippines, a disaster we should never allow to happen again. Dirty Living The countrys garbage problem has a lot to do with lifestyle. Every individual must be responsible for the wastes he generates. Considering that we are among the most populated in the world, with the amount of trash each of us produces, it is no surprise that our lands have become the largest dumpsite. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Solid Wastes in the Philippines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Solid Wastes in the Philippines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Solid Wastes in the Philippines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our streets are lined with garbage, our waters flooded, and our creeks clogged with trash, even our mountains are junk all these are reflections of the need to heed to the serious call for waste management it is time for each and every one of us to stop living dirty. And why? The indiscriminate throwing of garbage contaminates our waters, with clogged drains open for insect breeding which brings about diseases like cholera and dengue, targeting most especially, our children. Floods have become a common sight during rainy seasons. Backyard burning, or simply, burning of garbage, releases toxic air pollutants, which leads to respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, even death. To be direct, dirty living equals death. Trash Course The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC), chaired by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), has identified three key trends in the local garbage situation: 1) increase in sheer volume of generated wastes; 2) change in the quality and make-up of waste generated; and 3) waste handling methods. Everyday, the country has a per capita waste generation of 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms of garbage. In 2003*, we have generated 27,397 tons of garbage daily, a step backwards compared to the 19,700 tons of garbage we have generated daily in 2000 (*based on the study conducted by the NSWMC-Secretariat and the Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project of the Asian Development Bank in 2003). That is tantamount to ten million tons of garbage generated in 2003. Of the ten million tons of generated garbage in 2003, 2.5 million came from Metro Manila. This is a strong evidence of the forecast which indicated that by 2010, in comparison to the 2000 data, waste generation shall have increased by 47%. Ways to Beat Wastes Lucky for us, the Philippine solid waste composition is generally highly-organic (biodegradable) and recyclable, with 50 percent of the wastes made up of yard, wood, and kitchen wastes. The high percentage of biodegradables is an indication of the great potential of composting as a means to recover this type of wastes, especially those coming from agricultural zones. Moreover, potentials for recycling are good considering that the remaining wastes are made up of recyclable materials. The DENR has always been steadfast in its commitment to reduce, and eventually, eradicate the amount of garbage in the country. Projects and programs on solid waste management are consistently being implemented by the Department, through the NSWMC, in coordination with the local government units, non-government organizations, international groups, and other government agencies. To date, the Commission has initiated the closure and rehabilitation of existing open dumpsites, the establishment of sanitary landfills in municipalities, the establishment of an ecological solid waste management system, the categorized compliance for disposal facilities, and the promotion and development of alternative technologies to process residual wastes. The DENR, along with the Department of Interior and Local Government and some civil society groups, has also conducted the Nationwide Search for Model Barangays for Eco-Waste Management System, to assist our local communities to comply with, and reward them on their compliance, to Republic Act No. 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. Waste Recovery Programs are also being instituted by the government. The DENR has forged an agreement with the Recyclean Foundation, Inc (RFI) on a waste paper recovery program. The NSWMC, Tire Importers and Traders Association of the Philippines, Tire Manufacturers of the Philippines, and the Philippine Retreaders Association agreed to facilitate recovery of used tires for the effective management of the waste material which would include their recycling, re-use, and environmentally sound disposal. In terms of plastics and plastic packaging, the Polystyrene Packaging Council of the Philippines coordinated with several malls and industrial parks, to recover polystyrene wastes which resulted to the recovery of about 8,000 cu. m. of said plastics in 2003. An Agreement was made between the council and the Department of Science and Technology to design melting kettles for potential recyclers to convert polystyrene into other form of materials. To spread environmental awareness, particularly on solid waste management concerns, the DENR, together with the Eco-Waste Coalition signed an agreement for the establishment of the Ecological Solid Waste Pavilion. It is a national center for meetings, congregations, trainings, educational purposes particularly for showcasing effective, innovative and creative SWM procedures, techniques and activities. The DENR is vigilant in its quest to manage solid wastes in the Philippines. The government is bent on empowering the municipalities to address their own garbage issues. We are all parts which make up a whole in each municipality. Together, let us put a stop to the thirty years of garbage problem we have stumbled upon. We have more than enough.